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- <text id=93CT1806>
- <title>
- Niger--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Niger
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Considerable evidence indicates that about 600,000 years ago,
- humans inhabited what has since become the desolate Sahara of
- northern Niger. Niger was an important economic crossroads, and
- empires of Songhai, Mali, Gao, Kanem, and Bornu, as well as a
- number of Hausa states, claimed control over portions of the
- area.
- </p>
- <p> During recent centuries, the nomadic Tuareg formed large
- confederations, pushed southward, and, siding with various Hausa
- states, clashed with the Fulani Empire of Sokoto, which had
- gained control of much of the Hausa territory in the late 18th
- century.
- </p>
- <p> In the 19th century, contact with the West began when the
- first European explorers--notably Mungo Park (British) and
- Heinrich Barth (German)--explored the area searching for the
- mouth of the Niger River. Although French efforts at
- pacification began before 1900, dissident ethnic groups,
- especially the desert Tuareg, were not subdued until 1922, when
- Niger became a French colony.
- </p>
- <p> Niger's colonial history and development parallel that of
- other French West African territories. French West Africa was
- administered from Paris through a governor general at Dakar,
- Senegal, and governors in the individual territories, including
- Niger. The 1946 French constitution, in addition to conferring
- French citizenship on the inhabitants of the territories,
- provided for decentralization of power and limited participation
- in political life for local advisory assemblies.
- </p>
- <p> A further revision in the organization of overseas
- territories began with the passage of the Overseas Reform Act
- (Loi Cadre) of July 23, 1956, followed by reorganizational
- measures enacted by the French Parliament early in 1957. In
- addition to removing voting inequalities, these laws provided
- for creation of governmental organs, assuring individual
- territories of a large measure of self-government. On December
- 4, 1958, after the establishment of the Fifth French Republic,
- Niger became an autonomous state within the French Community.
- Following full independence on August 3, 1960, however,
- membership was allowed to lapse.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Military influence in the government is pervasive, even
- though nearly all of the Cabinet members are civilians. Military
- officers head all seven of the geographic departments and many
- of the local districts.
- </p>
- <p> Niger is mobilizing its population to create a development
- society that will increase national unity, encourage individual
- and community responsibility for economic and social
- development, and improve popular access to the higher levels of
- government. In 1979, the government began to establish a
- structure called the "development society," a hierarchical
- network of councils at the village, subregional, regional, and
- national levels. The councils consist of, at each level, a
- mixture of elected and appointed members, but only at the
- village level are some of the members elected directly by the
- people. Theoretically, the councils' role is to involve the
- people in economic and social development activities; however,
- this has yet to be implemented. The National Council recently
- wrote and has distributed a draft "national charter," which is
- excepted to pave the way for writing a constitution. The
- charter, and eventually the constitution, are expected to find a
- formula for more popular participation in government. Until the
- military government assumed control, Niger had a constitutional,
- single-party system. The April 1974, coup ousted President
- Hamani Diori, following allegations of corruption and complaints
- that the Diori government had failed to cope with Niger's urgent
- economic problems, particularly with the devastation caused by
- the Sahelian drought. Diori had been elected president of the
- newly independent Republic of Niger in 1960 and had been
- reelected in 1965 and 1970.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, June
- 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-